Efectividad de dos anestésicos tópicos para la colocación de la grapa. Estudio clínico aleatorizado

Objetivos: Valorar la eficacia de la mezcla eutéctica de lidocaína y prilocaína al 4% comparándola con el gel de benzocaína al 20% en el control del dolor generado por la colocación de una grapa para el aislamiento absoluto previo a la realización de un sellante de fisuras y valorar el efecto psicológico placebo del uso del anestésico tópico. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio clínico aleatorizado. La muestra estuvo constituida por 96 primeros molares permanentes con fosas y fisuras profundas y retentivas, pertenecientes a 24 pacientes. Los molares fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos de estudio, benzocaína 20%, lidocaína y prilocaína al 4%, vaselina y un grupo control. Antes y después de la colocación de la grapa se registró la escala de dolor de caras-revisada y la frecuencia cardíaca. Resultados: La mezcla eutéctica de lidocaína y prilocaína al 4% obtuvo valores significativamente más bajos en la escala de dolor de caras-revisada, seguida de la benzocaína al 20% y la vaselina (p<0,05). La mezcla eutéctica de lidocaína y prilocaína al 4% presentó menor modificación de la frecuencia cardíaca (p<0,05) en relación con los otros grupos, entre los que no se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: La mezcla eutéctica de lidocaína y prilocaína al 4% demostró mayor efectividad que el gel de benzocaína al 20% en la prevención del dolor generado por la colocación de una grapa. Del mismo modo se confirmó el efecto psicológico placebo de la anestésica tópica.

Remifentanil: A help in topical strabismus surgery. / Remifentanilo: una ayuda en la cirugía tópica del estrabismo.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the analgesic effect of remifentanil, side effects and complications in topical strabismus surgery. To study the results of strabismus surgery with this type of anesthesia. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective descriptive study. We included 39 patients undergoing strabismus surgery with topical anesthesia and analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil. The data of the anesthetic and surgical technique, surgical results and stability of the deviation angle were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty nine patients (54% women) were included, the average age was 37,4years old. The mean follow-up was 24,5months. The preoperative diagnoses were exotropia (21 patients), esotropia (12), paresis strabismus (4) and Duane's Syndrome (2). 15% patients had preoperative diplopia and 13 had received previous treatments. The dose range of remifentanil used was 0.05 to 0.2µg/kg/min. The side effects presented were 2 cases of vomit and one of bad collaboration during the intraoperative adjustment, one of the patient reported pain and one case of thoracic rigidity was reported. 79% of the patients obtained a good surgical result and 82% reported being satisfied with the results. The reintervention rate was 5%. CONCLUSIONS: Analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil is an useful complement to topical strabismus surgery because it reduces pain during surgery and allows the patient to collaborate during intraoperative adjustment due to its pharmacokinetic characteristics.

Contact topical anesthesia versus general anaesthesia in strabismus surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anesthetic block provided by contact topical anesthesia (CTA) in strabismus surgery in adult patients. To analyze postoperative pain and surgical outcome obtained by CTA compared with general anesthesia (GA). METHODOLOGY: Prospective longitudinal cohort study of adult patients undergoing strabismus surgery by CTA or GA. The intensity of pain perceived by patients during the course of surgery and in the postoperative period was measured using Numerical Pain Scale. The success of the surgical outcome, considered as a residual ocular deviation<10 prism diopters, was evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients were operated using CTA and 26 using AG. During the course of surgery, pain intensity experienced by patients in ATC group was 3.17±2.44. There were no differences between CTA group and AG group in the intensity of pain in the immediate postoperative period (2.13±2.39 vs. 2.77±2.18, respectively; P=.510) and during the first postoperative day (3.22±2.84 vs. 3.17±2.73; P=.923). Surgical success was significantly higher in the CTA group than in the GA group (78.3 vs. 73.1%; P=.019). CONCLUSIONS: CTA provides adequate sensory block to perform strabismus surgery. The control of postoperative pain is similar to that obtained with AG. Conservation of ocular motility providing CTA enables better surgical outcome.

Anestesia tópica en la cirugía de estrabismo / Topical anesthesia in strabismus surgery

Definimos la anestesia tópica asistida en la cirugía de estrabismo como la asociación de sedación o analgesia por vía sistémica y la administración de anestésicos por vía tópica. La anestesia tópica ha permitido modificar el procedimiento quirúrgico de las suturas ajustables en el tratamiento del estrabismo. Los criterios de selección de pacientes, músculos, y técnicas quirúrgicas han ido aumentado con el tiempo, pero se debe descartar a los enfermos que tengan menos de 14 años, aquellos con enfermedades mentales graves, y operados previamente de retina. Las ventajas del ajuste intraoperatorio son: mayor comodidad del paciente, control anestésico, menor riesgo potencial de infecciones, disminución del número de músculos que deben ser operados, conocer la posición exacta de los músculos después del ajuste, y una menor estadía hospitalaria. En diferentes estudios realizados con anestesia tópica en nuestro departamento hemos tenido buenos resultados, tanto en el posoperatorio inmediato (90%), como a los seis meses de la cirugía (85%), con una baja tasa de reintervenciones (15%), la mayoría por hipocorrección quirúrgica, y una elevada satisfacción y tolerancia a la realización de la cirugía con anestesia tópica. Podemos concluir que este procedimiento ha permitido modificar la cirugía de los músculos extraoculares en la actualidad, evitando los inconvenientes de la anestesia general, y disminuyendo el costo de las operaciones de estrabismo al convertir la cirugía en un procedimiento ambulatorio.

Topical anesthesia in strabismus surgery is defined as a procedure that includes the use of systemic analgesics and/or sedatives in combination with local anesthetics. Topical anesthesia has favored the modification of adjustable sutures in strabismus surgery. The selection criteria of patients, muscles, and surgical techniques have become stricter over time; however this approach is not appropriate for patients younger than 14 years of age, those with severe mental disease and those with prior retinal surgery. Topical anesthesia strabismus surgery using adjustable sutures has many advantages, such as greater patient comfort, anesthetic control, lower risk of infections, reduced number of intervened muscles, better control of muscle alignment and shorter hospital and recovery time. The results of different studies performed on topical anesthesia in our department produced a favorable outcome for strabismus surgery in the early postoperative period (90%) as well as 6 months after surgery (85%), lower rate of reoperations (15%), mostly for surgical hypocorrection, and higher patient satisfaction and tolerance. In conclusion, topical anesthesia has improved the treatment of extraocular muscle pathology, avoiding the drawbacks related to general anesthesia and reducing the cost of strabismus surgery.

Survey: technique of performing intravitreal injection among members of the Brazilian Retina and Vitreous Society (SBRV) / Survey: técnica para realização de injeção intravítrea pelos membros da Sociedade Brasileira de Retina e Vítreo (SBRV)

Purpose: To evaluate and describe the precautions involved in the technique of intravitreal injection of antiangiogenic drugs adopted by the ophthalmologists who are members of the Brazilian Society of Retina and Vitreous (SBRV). Methods: A questionnaire containing 22 questions related to precautions taken before, during, and after intravitreal injection was sent electronically to 920 members of SBRV between November 15, 2013 and April 31, 2014. Results: 352 responses (38%) were obtained. There was a predominance of men (76%) from the southwest region of Brazil (51%). The professional experience varied between 6 and 15 years after medical specialization (50%). Most professionals (76%) performed an average of 1 to 10 intravitreal injections a week, and 88% of the procedures were performed in the operating room using povidone iodine (99%), sterile gloves, and blepharostat (94%). For inducing topical anesthesia, usage of anesthetic eye drops was the most used technique (65%). Ranibizumab (Lucentis®) was the most common drug (55%), and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was the most treated disease (57%). Regarding the complications treated, 6% of the ophthalmologists had treated at least one case of retinal detachment, 20% had treated cases of endophthalmitis, 9% had treated cases of vitreous hemorrhage, and 12% had encountered cases of crystalline lens touch. Conclusion: Intravitreal injection is a procedure routinely performed by retina specialists and has a low incidence of complications. Performing the procedure in the operating room using an aseptic technique was preferred by most of the respondents. Ranibizumab was the most used drug, and AMD was the most treated disease. .

Objetivo: Avaliar e descrever os cuidados envolvidos durante o procedimento de injeção intravítrea de drogas antiangiogênicas realizado pelos oftalmologistas membros da Sociedade Brasileira de Retina e Vítreo (SBRV). Métodos: Foi enviado um questionário aos 920 membros da SBRV, por meio de correio eletrônico, entre o período de 15/11/2013 a 31/04/2014, contendo 22 questões, relacionado aos cuidados pré, intra e pós-operatório da injeção intravítrea. Resultados: Foram obtidas 352 respostas (38% dos sócios). Houve um predomínio do sexo masculino (76%), procedentes da região Sudeste (51%). O tempo de experiência profissional se concentrou entre 6 a 15 anos após o término da especialização (50%). A maioria dos participantes tem média semanal de 1 a 10 (76%), sendo 88% das vezes realizado dentro do centro cirúrgico, utilizando iodopovidona (99%), luvas e blefarostato estéreis (94%). A anestesia tópica com colírio anestésico foi a técnica mais utilizada (65%). Entre os participantes, ranibizumabe (Lucentis®) é a droga mais utilizada (55%) e a degeneração macular relacionada a idade (DMRI) é a doença mais tratada (57%). Das complicações citadas pelos oftalmologistas, 6% já vivenciaram pelo menos um caso de descolamento de retina, 20% endoftalmite, 9% hemorragia vítrea e 12% toque cristaliniano. Conclusão: A injeção intravítrea é um procedimento realizado rotineiramente por retinólogos, com baixo índice de complicações. A realização do procedimento no centro cirúrgico com técnica asséptica é preferida pelos pesquisados. A droga mais utilizada foi o ranibizumabe e a doença mais tratada foi a DMRI. .

Facoemulsificação sob anestesia tópica: série de casos / Phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia: series of cases

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia e a segurança da facoemulsificação sob anestesia tópica em casos com complexidade diversa. MÉTODOS: Os prontuários dos pacientes submetidos à facoemulsificação sob anestesia tópica no período de janeiro de 2009 a abril de 2011 foram revisados. Os dados pré-operatórios avaliados foram: sexo, idade, cor, a presença de doenças sistêmicas, comorbidades oculares, o tipo da catarata e a acuidade visual pré-operatória. As informações intra e pós-operatórias colhidas foram: acuidade pósoperatória, complicações intra e pós-operatórias, a necessidade de conversão anestésica e o poder da LIO utilizada. Foram excluídos pacientes com prontuários incompletos. RESULTADOS: Cento e onze (111) casos foram avaliados. Apenas comorbidades oculares mostraram significância estatística na acuidade visual pós-operatória (p=0,004). CONCLUSÃO: A análise indica que a facoemulsificação realizada sob anestesia tópica em casos com complexidades variadas é eficaz e segura...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the outcome and safety of phacoemulsification performed under topical anesthesiain cases with several complexities. METHODS: Cases performed under topical anesthesia from january 2009 to april 2011 were analyzed. Variables analyzed included patients age, sex, race, systemic diseases, eyes comorbidities, type of cataract, visual acuity before and after the surgery, complications, number of conversions to peribulbar anesthesia and IOL power. Patients with uncompleted data were excluded from analysis. RESULTS: A total of 111 eyes were analyzed; only cases with ocular comorbidities were statistically significant (p=0,004). CONCLUSION: the data analysis suggests that phacoemulsification performed under topical anesthesia is safeand effective in cases of different complexities...

Resultados analgésicos de anestesia tópica-intracameral en cirugía de catarata senil / Analgesic results of topical- intracamera anesthesia in the surgery of senile cataract

Introducción: La catarata es la causa más frecuente de ceguera prevenible y su tratamiento es quirúrgico y aunque se perfeccionó la técnica con una incisión más pequeña y sin puntos, algunos pacientes refieren dolor, por tanto al cooperar menos puede haber mayor incidencia de complicaciones peripostoperatorias inmediatas en la extracción extracapsular del cristalino. Objetivos: Evaluar los resultados analgésicos de la anestesia tópica-intracameral en la extracción extracapsular de cristalino por técnica tunelizada de mininúcleo con implante de lente intraocular en catarata senil. Material y métodos: Se realizó estudio descriptivo prospectivo de corte longitudinal en una muestra de 333 pacientes con diagnóstico de catarata senil, que se les realizó extracción extracapsular de cristalino por técnica tunelizada de mininúcleo e implante de lente intraocular, bajo anestesia tópica-intracameral, desde marzo del 2009 hasta marzo del 2010. Se determinó la percepción de dolor durante el tratamiento quirúrgico mediante la Escala Análoga Visual. Se describieron las complicaciones intraoperatorias y postoperatorias inmediatas y la satisfacción del cirujano y el paciente durante el acto quirúrgico. La información fue recopilada en una hoja de encuesta y se resumió todos los datos mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: La media de la edad fue de 69 años, 213 pacientes (64 %) no tuvo ningún dolor y solo ocurrieron 19 (5.7 %) complicaciones oculares 17 (5.1%) que se asociaron a hipertensión arterial intraoperatoria. Conclusiones: La anestesia tópica-intracameral es una técnica segura para realizar cirugía tunelizada de catarata senil por extracción extracapsular de cristalino.

Introduction: The cataract is the more frequent cause of preventable blindness and its treatment is surgical and although the technique was improved using an smaller incision and no sutures, some patients feel pain, thus with less cooperation more incidence of immediate perioperative complications could be present in the extracapsular extraction of crystalline lens. Objectives: To assess the analgesic results of the topical-intracamera anesthesia in the crystalline lens extraction by tunnel of mini-nucleus technique with intraocular implant in cases of senile cataract. Material and Methods: A longitudinal, prospective and descriptive study was conducted in 333 patients diagnosed with senile cataract underwent crystalline extracapsular extraction by tunnel of mini-nucleus technique and implant of ocular lens under topical-intra-camera anesthesia from March, 2009 to March, 2010. Authors determined the pain perception during surgical treatment according to Visual Analogue Scale. The immediate intraoperative and postoperative complications were described as well as the satisfaction of the surgeon and the patient during the surgical act. The information was registered in survey sheet grouping all data by descriptive statistics. Results: The mean age was of 69 years, 213 patients (64%) had not pain and only occurred 19 ocular complications (5,7%) 17 (5.1%) that were associated with an intraoperative high blood pressure. Conclusions: The topical-intra-camera anesthesia is a safe technique to carry out the tunnel surgery of senile cataract by extracapsular extraction of crystalline lens.

Resultados analgésicos de anestesia tópica-intracameral en cirugía de catarata senil / Analgesic results of topical- intracamera anesthesia in the surgery of senile cataract

Introducción: la catarata es la causa más frecuente de ceguera prevenible y su tratamiento es quirúrgico y aunque se perfeccionó la técnica con una incisión más pequeña y sin puntos, algunos pacientes refieren dolor, por tanto al cooperar menos puede haber mayor incidencia de complicaciones peripostoperatorias inmediatas en la extracción extracapsular del cristalino.Objetivos: evaluar los resultados analgésicos de la anestesia tópica-intracameral en la extracción extracapsular de cristalino por técnica tunelizada de mininúcleo con implante de lente intraocular en catarata senil.Material y métodos: se realizó estudio descriptivo prospectivo de corte longitudinal en una muestra de 333 pacientes con diagnóstico de catarata senil, que se les realizó extracción extracapsular de cristalino por técnica tunelizada de mininúcleo e implante de lente intraocular, bajo anestesia tópica-intracameral, desde marzo del 2009 hasta marzo del 2010. Se determinó la percepción de dolor durante el tratamiento quirúrgico mediante la Escala Análoga Visual. Se describieron las complicaciones intraoperatorias y postoperatorias inmediatas y la satisfacción del cirujano y el paciente durante el acto quirúrgico. La información fue recopilada en una hoja de encuesta y se resumió todos los datos mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: la media de la edad fue de 69 años, 213 pacientes (64 por ciento) no tuvo ningún dolor y solo ocurrieron 19 (5.7 por ciento) complicaciones oculares 17 (5.1 por ciento) que se asociaron a hipertensión arterial intraoperatoria.Conclusiones: la anestesia tópica-intracameral es una técnica segura para realizar cirugía tunelizada de catarata senil por extracción extracapsular de cristalino(AU)

Introduction: the cataract is the more frequent cause of preventable blindness and its treatment is surgical and although the technique was improved using an smaller incision and no sutures, some patients feel pain, thus with less cooperation more incidence of immediate perioperative complications could be present in the extracapsular extraction of crystalline lens.Objectives: to assess the analgesic results of the topical-intracamera anesthesia in the crystalline lens extraction by tunnel of mini-nucleus technique with intraocular implant in cases of senile cataract.Material and Methods: a longitudinal, prospective and descriptive study was conducted in 333 patients diagnosed with senile cataract underwent crystalline extracapsular extraction by tunnel of mini-nucleus technique and implant of ocular lens under topical-intra-camera anesthesia from March, 2009 to March, 2010. Authors determined the pain perception during surgical treatment according to Visual Analogue Scale. The immediate intraoperative and postoperative complications were described as well as the satisfaction of the surgeon and the patient during the surgical act. The information was registered in survey sheet grouping all data by descriptive statistics.Results: the mean age was of 69 years, 213 patients (64 percent) had not pain and only occurred 19 ocular complications (5,7 percent) 17 (5.1 percent) that were associated with an intraoperative high blood pressure.Conclusions: the topical-intra-camera anesthesia is a safe technique to carry out the tunnel surgery of senile cataract by extracapsular extraction of crystalline lens(AU)

Ophthalmic and anesthetic evaluation of topical 1 percent tetracaine and 0.5 percent proparacaine in dogs / Ação anestésica e oftálmica da administração de colírio de tetracaína 1 por cento e proparacaína 0,5 por cento em cães

The aim of this study was to establish the action of 1 percent tetracaine eye drops in combination with 0.1 percent phenylephrine in two different posologies and their effects on the eye compared to the 0.5 percent proparacaine drops in dogs. 22 animals were divided into two groups: TG (11 animals), received 1 percent tetracaine associated with 0.1 percent phenylephrine eye drops, one drop instilled in the left eye and two drops, with one-minute interval between each, instilled in the right eye; PG (11 animals) received 0.5 percent proparacaine eye drops following the same dosage. The average duration of the observed anesthetic action was 25 minutes for tetracaine and 15 minutes for proparacaine. The instillation of two drops increased anesthetic time in five minutes. No changes in intraocular pressure, pupil diameter and tear production was observed. The drops of tetracaine triggered chemosis in four (36.4 percent) animals. Topical anesthesia with proparacaine eye drops showed no adverse reactions and is thus recommended preferentially.

Estudou-se a ação do colírio de tetracaína 1 por cento, em associação com a fenilefrina 0,1 por cento em duas posologias diferenciadas, bem como seus efeitos oculares, comparando-a com a do colírio de proparacaína 0,5 por cento em cães. Vinte e dois animais foram separados em dois grupos. Os do GT (n=11) receberam colírio de tetracaína 1 por cento associada à fenilefrina 0,1 por cento, sendo uma gota instilada no olho esquerdo e duas gotas, com intervalo de um minuto entre cada, instiladas no olho direito; e os do GP (n=11), receberam colírio de proparacaína 0,5 por cento seguindo a mesma posologia. A média de duração da ação anestésica observada foi de 25 minutos para a tetracaína e 15 minutos para a proparacaína. A instilação de duas gotas aumentou o tempo anestésico em cinco minutos. Não ocorreram alterações na pressão intra-ocular, no diâmetro pupilar e na produção lacrimal. O colírio de tetracaína desencadeou quemose em quatro (36,4 por cento) animais. Na anestesia tópica do olho com proparacaína não ocorreram reações adversas sendo, assim, recomendada preferencialmente.

Anestesia tópica asociada a la técnica de faco - prechop / Topical anestesia associated to phaco-prechop technique

OBJETIVO: Describir los resultados encontrados en pacientes operados de catarata por faco-prechop con el uso de la anestesia tópica. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo prospectivo, de 30 ojos (19 pacientes) atendidos en el Centro de Microcirugía Ocular del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer operados de catarata mediante Facoemulsificación por técnica de prechop, en los cuales se utilizó anestesia tópica durante la cirugía en el período comprendido de julio a septiembre de 2009. A los mismos se les realizó microscopía endotelial antes y después de la cirugía con el objetivo de determinar las modificaciones en la densidad celular. Se evaluó la presencia de dolor, así como el confort del cirujano en una escala de satisfacción. Se analizaron las variables edad, promedio celular, dolor, confort del cirujano y mejor agudeza visual corregida pre y posoperatoria. La información se procesó a través de frecuencias absolutas, relativas, media y prueba T de Student. RESULTADOS: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 62 años con un mínimo de 46 y un máximo de 94. La pérdida celular fue mínima. Un escaso número de pacientes manifestó dolor en algún momento de la cirugía, por lo que el confort del cirujano no se afectó de manera significativa durante el acto quirúrgico. Se encontró una ganancia visual de cinco líneas en la escala de Snellen. CONCLUSIONES: Los anestésicos tópicos en la cirugía de catarata evidenciaron ser de muy buena utilidad en nuestra técnica, lo cual no nos llevó al uso de otras vías anestésicas más invasivas para los pacientes

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results found in patients operated from cataract by the Phaco-Prechop technique using the topical anesthesia. METHODS: A prospective, observational and descriptive study was performed in 30 eyes (19 patients), seen at the Center of Ocular Microsurgery of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology and operated from cataract by phacoemulsification using the prechop technique and the topical anesthesia, was in the period of July to September 2009. These patients underwent endothelial microscopy before and after the surgery with the objective of determining any change in the cellular density. The pain and the surgeon's comfort measured in a satisfaction scale were evaluated. Variables such as age, cellular average, pain, the surgeon's comfort and the best pre and postoperative corrected visual acuity were analyzed. The information was processed through the absolute and relative frequencies, the mean and Student´s t test. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 62 years -minimum 46 and a maximum 94 years. The cellular loss was minimal. A small number of patients felt pain at certain moment of the surgery; therefore the surgeon's comfort was not affected in a significant way during the surgery. The visual gain was found to be five lines in the Snellen´s chart. CONCLUSIONS: The topical anesthetics turned to be very useful in the cataract surgery using the phaco-prechop technique, thus avoiding other more invasive anesthestic paths for the patients

Anestesia tópica asociada a la técnica de faco - prechop / Topical anestesia associated to phaco-prechop technique

OBJETIVO: Describir los resultados encontrados en pacientes operados de catarata por faco-prechop con el uso de la anestesia tópica. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo prospectivo, de 30 ojos (19 pacientes) atendidos en el Centro de Microcirugía Ocular del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer operados de catarata mediante Facoemulsificación por técnica de prechop, en los cuales se utilizó anestesia tópica durante la cirugía en el período comprendido de julio a septiembre de 2009. A los mismos se les realizó microscopía endotelial antes y después de la cirugía con el objetivo de determinar las modificaciones en la densidad celular. Se evaluó la presencia de dolor, así como el confort del cirujano en una escala de satisfacción. Se analizaron las variables edad, promedio celular, dolor, confort del cirujano y mejor agudeza visual corregida pre y posoperatoria. La información se procesó a través de frecuencias absolutas, relativas, media y prueba T de Student. RESULTADOS: La edad media de los pacientes fue de 62 años con un mínimo de 46 y un máximo de 94. La pérdida celular fue mínima. Un escaso número de pacientes manifestó dolor en algún momento de la cirugía, por lo que el confort del cirujano no se afectó de manera significativa durante el acto quirúrgico. Se encontró una ganancia visual de cinco líneas en la escala de Snellen. CONCLUSIONES: Los anestésicos tópicos en la cirugía de catarata evidenciaron ser de muy buena utilidad en nuestra técnica, lo cual no nos llevó al uso de otras vías anestésicas más invasivas para los pacientes(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the results found in patients operated from cataract by the Phaco-Prechop technique using the topical anesthesia. METHODS: A prospective, observational and descriptive study was performed in 30 eyes (19 patients), seen at the Center of Ocular Microsurgery of Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology and operated from cataract by phacoemulsification using the prechop technique and the topical anesthesia, was in the period of July to September 2009. These patients underwent endothelial microscopy before and after the surgery with the objective of determining any change in the cellular density. The pain and the surgeon's comfort measured in a satisfaction scale were evaluated. Variables such as age, cellular average, pain, the surgeon's comfort and the best pre and postoperative corrected visual acuity were analyzed. The information was processed through the absolute and relative frequencies, the mean and Student´s t test. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 62 years -minimum 46 and a maximum 94 years. The cellular loss was minimal. A small number of patients felt pain at certain moment of the surgery; therefore the surgeon's comfort was not affected in a significant way during the surgery. The visual gain was found to be five lines in the Snellen´s chart. CONCLUSIONS: The topical anesthetics turned to be very useful in the cataract surgery using the phaco-prechop technique, thus avoiding other more invasive anesthestic paths for the patients(AU)

Anestésicos tópicos: [revisão] / Topical anesthetics: [review]

Os procedimentos cirúrgicos e cosmiátricos realizados pelos dermatologistas, tais como laser para epilação, remoção de tatuagem e rejuvenescimento, curetagem, eletrocoagulação, crioterapia, preenchimentos injetáveis, aplicação de toxina botulínica, escleroterapia, "peelings" químicos, entre outros, requerem muitas vezes o uso de anestésicos locais para o conforto do paciente. Tradicionalmente, o agente anestésico de escolha é a lidocaína injetável. Embora seja muito eficaz na produção de anestesia local total, a injeção causa dor. Há vários anestésicos tópicos disponíveis que podem aliviar o desconforto causado por esses procedimentos, sem a necessidade de injeções.

Utilidad de la anestesia tópica en cirugía de estrabismo paralítico / Utility of topical anesthesia in paralytic strabismus surgery

Objetivo: demostrar el uso de anestesia tópica en cirugía de estrabismo paralítico. Método: Es un estudio retrospectivo, comparativo con dos grupos de pacientes mayores de 12 años de edad con estrabismos de diferentes etiologías. Grupo A: pacientes con estrabismo para corregirse bajo anestesia tópica. Grupo B: pacientes con estrabismo para corregirse bajo anestesia general. Para el uso de anestesia tópica se empleó proparacaína en gotas y midazolam intravenoso. Resultados: en grupo A se incluyeron 31 pacientes con una edad 34.1 DE (desviación estándar) 11.3 años con rangos de 18 a 56 años. Desviación 28.4 DE 15.5 dioptrías prismáticas. La cirugía más realizada fue la corrección de estrabismos verticales, y la técnica más comúnmente usada fue cirugía de dos músculos prefiriendo para el reforzamiento el plegamiento muscular. El promedio de seguimiento fue de 9.06 DE 6.3 meses. Se obtuvieron buenos resultados en 25 pacientes, 3 regular, 3 malo. El diagnóstico de estrabismo paralítico se concluyó en 17 pacientes, 8 de III nervio; 5 de IV nervio, 4 de VI nervio. Las causas del estrabismo fueron: tumoral: 6, trauma craneal: 3, aneurisma cerebral: 1, ambliopía sensorial 1, uno por cirugía de región, uno por cirugía de estrabismo bajo técnica ajustable tardía con gran reforzamiento de recto medial, trauma ocular 3 con un músculo perdido recto inferior, y un músculo perdido recto medial, endotropia congénita 7. En el grupo B se ingresaron a estudio 30 pacientes. Edad: 31.9 D.E 15.1 años, con rangos de 12 a 64 años. La desviación fue de 37.83 DE 21.8 dioptrías prismáticas, el estrabismo más operado fue la exotropia antigua especialmente consecutiva a corrección de estrabismo infantil. Se operaron mayor cantidad de músculos. El seguimiento fue de 6.03 DE 7 meses.

Objective: to demostrate the efficacy of topical anesthesia in paralitic strabismus. Method: This is a retrospective and comparative study in patients older than 12 years old, with strabismus of different etiologies. Group A: strabismus corrected under topical anesthesia. Group B: strabismus corrected under general anesthesia. For topical anesthesia we used proparacain and mydazolam. Results: group A: 31 patients, age 34.1 +/- 11.3 years old , 18-56 range. Strabismus deviation: 28.4 +/- 15.5 diopters. Vertical strabismus was the most common surgery. Two muscles technique was the most frequently used, but using tacking preferable. Follow up: 9.06 +/- 6.3 month. We obtainer good results in 20 patients, regular 3, and bad 3. Paralysis was diagnosed in 17 patients, III nerve: 8, IV nerve: 4 causes: 6 tumor, 3 cerebral trauma, 1 cerebral aneurism, 1 sensorial amblyopic, 1 posterior to pterigion surgery. 1 secondary to adjustable surgery for strabismus, 3 ocular trauma with lost muscle, 7 congenital esotropia. We didn't have complications and conversion to general was no necessary. Gruop B: 30 patients average age: 31.9 +/- 15.1 years old. Strabismus: 37.83 +/- 21.8 diopters. The most operated strabismus were old exotropias especially after infantile esotropias. We made more muscles for same quantity of deviation. Follow up: 6.03 +/- 7 months. Results for surgery: good 26, regular 3, bad 1. Conclusions: we could see the preferences for using topical anesthesia in paralysis. Results were good and we could evaluate muscles action under surgery. We could evaluate the effect of recessions in inferior oblique for paralytic strabismus, and effect of tucking in superior oblique avoiding Brown iatrogenic syndrome.